Instrument ranges and qualities
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Cf "The Technique of Orchestration," Kennan & Grantham, 6th ed.
All ranges are played (not written) pitches.
# = C, + = G, $ = middle C, = = white key, - = black key

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Piccolo (sounds 8ve higher than written)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                                                  |    A   ||     B     ||  C  || D |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Weak, breathy; B - Brighter, stronger; C - Brilliant, powerful; D - Piercing

Flute (sounds as written)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                                    |     A    ||     B     |   C    || D |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Weak, breathy; B - Brighter, stronger; C - Brilliant, powerful; D - Piercing

Alto flute (sounds P4 lower)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                               |     A    ||     B     ||   C   ||D|
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Attractive but easily covered; B - Brighter, stronger;
C - Less characteristic; D - Shrill, little used

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Oboe (sounds as written)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                                 | A ||        B       ||   C   || D |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Thick; B - Reedy, sweet; C - Thinner, less characteristic;
D - Apt to be pinched

English horn (sounds P5 lower)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                            |   A   ||     B    ||    C     |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Reedy, intense; B - Reedy, mellow; C - Thinner; less characteristic

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Clarinet (in Bb sounds M2 lower, in A sounds m3 lower)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-
                          |    A    ||   B   ||     C     ||  D  ||   E    |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-
A - Dark; B - Neutral; C - Bright, clear; D - Shrill; E - Very difficult

Eb clarinet (sounds m3 higher)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-
                               |         A        ||      B      ||   C    |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-
A - Neutral, inflexible coloristically; B - Brighter; C - Shrill

Bass clarinet (sounds M9 lower when written in treble clef, M2 lower in bass)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
             |    A     ||   B   ||     C     ||  D  |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Dark, rich; B - Full, reedy; C - Brighter, less characteristic;
D - Strained, "white"

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Bassoon (sounds as written)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
          |     A     ||      B     ||   C    || D |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Dark, full; B - Neutral; C - Thin, but intense; D - Pinched

Contrabassoon (sounds 8ve lower)
-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
|     A     ||      B     ||   C    |
-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Thick, dark; B - Neutral; C - Seldom used

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Horn (sounds P5 lower)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
              |    A    ||         B         |   C   |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Weak, unsteady; B - Brighter, primary range; C - Brilliant, strained

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Trumpet (in C sounds as written, in Bb sounds M2 lower)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                              |  A  |         B        |   C  |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Less penetrating, B - Primary range, C - Difficult, especially if soft

(Tenor) trombone (sounds as written)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
                |              A              |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Usual range

Tuba (sounds as written)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
     |                 A                 |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A - Usual range

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Violin (treble: G-D-A-E), Viola (alto: C-G-D-A), Cello (bass/treble: C-G-D-A),
  Double bass (bass: E-A-D-G, sounds 8ve lower)
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+
                               |             A             |         B         |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+
                        |                 A                 | B |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
            |                 A                 |   B  |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
    |              A             |  B |
#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=$-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#-=-==-+-=-=#
A = Normal range, B = Extra effort, less volume

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